Дар страха (и некоторые воспоминания)

“Intuition is always right in at least two important ways:

1. Всегда в ответ на что-то.

2. Он всегда руководствуется вашими интересами.

(…) Our interpretation of intuition is not always right.”

Гэвин де Беккер, Дар страха

This time I want to present a book that I liked very much because it fits so well with my experience and my values. It’s called “The Gift of Fear” Гэвин де Беккер. Автор - специалист по вопросам безопасности и по своему опыту, многие люди могли бы предотвратить стать жертвами преступлений if they listened to their inner warning signals – to their fear – on time. Many people, however, do not, because they don’t want to appear socially awkward – they are worried of being seen as impolite, unreasonable or overly emotional in case their fear proved to be unfounded.

Есть внутренняя борьба между социальными и индивидуалистическими инстинктами постоянно. Иногда наши инстинкты оказываются неуместными или неконструктивными в нашем сложном обществе. Однако в некоторых случаях они могут реально изменить вашу жизнь. Мудрость заключается в том, чтобы понять, каким из них следовать. Это умение приходит с опытом.

An example that de Becker gives is of a man who entered a shop only to immediately feel uncomfortable and threatened without any visible reason. He chose to listen to his fear and leave – and later found out that the sole customer he saw when entering was just about to commit armed robbery in which one person was killed.

When asked what could have made him feel that way, the man initially couldn’t give an answer. After some pondering, however, he remembered some details that he didn’t notice consciously, but his unconscious mind apparently did. He said that the “customer” had a heavy jacket on that was inappropriate for the warm weather. Also, the clerk appeared tense – he barely glanced at the incoming man and quickly returned his attention to the man in the jacket. There was a van with a running motor and two men inside in front of the store. There were probably other details, too subtle for a conscious mind to notice – but not the subconscious.

De Becker writes: “Predicting the routine behavior of adults in the same culture is so simple that we rarely even bother to do it consciously. We react only to the unusual, which is a signal that there might be something worth predicting. We intuitively evaluate people all the time, quite attentively, but они получают наше сознательное намерение только тогда, когда есть причина. We see it all, but we edit out most of it. Thus, when something does call out to us, we ought to pay attention.”

Я могу на собственном опыте подтвердить, как важно осознавать ценность страха. Я обычно доверяю своей интуиции, и она не раз служила мне добрую службу, но в контексте страха есть одно воспоминание, которое выделяется в моей памяти.

Around my 26th birthday, I was on Big Island, Hawaii, where I agreed with a local guesthouse owner to be her “helping guest” for two months. I left after two weeks because I was treated as an unpaid servant rather than a “helping guest”, and ended up spending a month and a half in a tent on a beach – but that’s another story.

What I want to talk about happened around day 11-12 of my visit to Hawaii, when I went to a beach on a late afternoon. I didn’t have a vehicle, so I had to walk 40-45 mins from the guesthouse to the nearest beach on a fairly empty road. By that time, I was quite relaxed as I experienced most people in Hawaii as generally friendly so walking there by myself didn’t feel like a problem.

That evening, I stayed on the beach longer than usual to take some photos of quite a spectacular sunset. I expected I had just about 40-45 mins after sunset to return to the guesthouse before dark – but my calculation didn’t include the fact that Hawaii are much closer to the equator than my home and it gets dark much faster after sunset than I was used to. So after 20 or so minutes of walking back I found myself in darkness. I had just arrived to a long, very straight and lonely 2 km stretch of the road.

I wasn’t overly worried, but there was a little nagging voice in my stomach urging me to at least cross to the left side of the road, so that a potential attacker coming from behind me on the right lane would have less chance to surprise me. That was the first fear-based decision that might have saved me that evening. Здоровый страх не парализует вас (за исключением случаев, когда парализация полезна для вашего выживания); здоровый страх ориентирован на действие и мотивирует.

“What many dismiss as a coincidence or a gut feeling is in fact a cognitive process, faster than we recognize and far different from the familiar step by step thinking we rely on so willingly. Nature’s greatest accomplishment, the human brain, is never more efficient or invested than when its host is at risk. Then, intuition is catapulted to another level entirely, a height that can accurately be called graceful, even miraculous. ” (from “The Gift of Fear”)

I crossed the road, continued to walk for some more time and I was already getting close to the first curve after 2 km of straight road, when I heard a lone car behind me. When it came close, it suddenly slowed down, crossed to my side of the road (if I had stayed on the right side, the guy’s job would have been much easier) and expertly stopped only centimeters away from me, almost knocking me down. The words “Who are you?” were hissed through somebody’s teeth.

I saw a huge man who radiated something I never felt before from a human being – absolute, cold hatred and aggression with no space for anything else. In hindsight, I guess it was my first (and hopefully last) encounter with a gang member, who perhaps came to Hawaii for a vacation and decided to use an easy chance. He reached through his window and grabbed my sleeve together with my backpack strap and some flesh. He pulled strongly towards himself. I put my palms against his car – there was nothing else to hold on to – and resisted. Surprisingly, I managed to hold on. We struggled like that for 10 or so incredibly long seconds.

Finally, he apparently decided that it was not a good idea to stay on the wrong side of the road so close to a curve. He suddenly let go of me – I fell painfully backwards – quickly drove on and disappeared behind the curve. I picked myself up and continued as fast as I could. There was not much else I could have done – all the land on the sides of the road was heavily fenced with barbed wire and every path was blocked with big gates.

A few more cars came from behind me. I felt jumpy and considered hiding, but there was nowhere to hide. Nothing happened, though, so I started to relax a little. Then I heard a car coming from the front – soon to appear from the curve. My fear suddenly peaked. It urged me to at least lay in a shallow ditch on the side of the road if nothing else.

Exactly as “The Gift of Fear” warns against, my conscious mind jumped in and started to argue and downplay the situation. “I’m just exaggerating… Not everybody around here is a criminal… Probably nothing would happen… It would be ridiculous if I jumped in the ditch whenever a car came by…”

“No animal in the wild, suddenly overcome with fear, would spend any of its mental energy thinking, “It’s probably nothing.” We, in contrast to every other creature in nature, choose not to explore – and even to ignore – conscious signals. Every day people engaged in clever defiance of their own intuition become, in mid-thought, victims of violence and accidents. So when we wonder why we are victims so often, the answer is clear: It is because we are so good at it.” (from “The Gift of Fear”)

Luckily, my subconscious then apparently came to the decision that my rational mind was hopelessly stupid and shouldn’t be allowed to vote. The second before the car appeared out of the curve, my body simply took over and I found myself in the ditch, half-hidden behind a small (and thorny, and full of spiderwebs) bush.

The car came close, slowed down and came to stop sideways from me – only a couple of meters away. It was the same car. I expected the worst. Several heartbeats sounded loudly in my ears – and then, blissfully, the car moved, turned around and soon disappeared behind the curve again. A few days later, I realized that there was a small layby at that spot – a convenient place for the gangster to stop and look down the road. His front lights allowed him to see down the road, including most of the ditch in front of him – but made him unable to see through the darkness on his side.

I’m deeply grateful for that moment of commanding fear. That single second might have made a difference between my life and death, or at least severe trauma. Was it a lucky guess? Did my subconscious mind register something in his non-verbal behavior that indicated his intentions? Or calculated the time he would need to find a place to turn around and come back? Whichever, it had proven itself reliable. I still shiver sometimes to think how close I came to ignoring it.

I’m not suggesting ignoring conscious logic – that would be unbalanced and I don’t believe in extremes and oversimplifying of any kind. Yet too many people consider emotions to be a weakness or a hindrance, rather than an important source of information. Of course, the problem with emotions is that many people don’t distinguish between healthy and immature emotions, but that can be changed with a bit of effort. (Check эта статья для получения дополнительной информации). 

В эмоциях нет ничего слабого, слабость может быть только в том, как мы их используем и справляемся с ними..

De Becker emphasizes the difference between anxiety/worry and healthy fear. Anxiety and worry are not related to specific present circumstances, but a “protection against future disappointment”. In fact, тревога и беспокойство могут отвлекать нас от того, чтобы замечать здоровый, реалистичный страх, когда он возникает. Therefore, there is no need to be constantly alert and searching for possible danger. Your unconscious mind can do it much better than your conscious self – if you give it space. Вам нужно обращать внимание только на спонтанные, неожиданные моменты страха – and act upon them. If you trust your instincts, paying attention to your fear can actually make you feel safer and more confident.

Предупреждающие сигналы

Many times, people are confused about their fear because a future attacker’s behavior doesn’t match their conscious image of a criminal’s behavior. Some criminals spontaneously use strategies that confuse potential victims so that they would pay less attention to their survival signals. Here are some of these manipulative strategies according to “The Gift of Fear”:

Принудительное объединение в команды. A way of speaking which indicates that the criminal is somehow associated, familiar, or shares the same experience as a potential victim. The word “we” is often used: “How are we going to do this?” Another example: “You’d do the same for me.” The last example indicates that another strategy is simultaneously used…

Нежелательная помощь, подарок или услуга с целью создать ощущение долга. (Этим часто пользуются попрошайки и маркетологи). Обычно люди обладают внутренним чувством равновесия, и если они получают услугу, то могут почувствовать, что должны сделать что-то взамен, чтобы восстановить баланс. Искусный преступник навяжет потенциальной жертве какую-нибудь незначительную услугу, планируя использовать это чувство долга позже.

Обаяние и доброта. Сознательное обаятельное поведение - это стратегия, а у стратегии есть цель. Люди, стремящиеся управлять другими, почти всегда вначале создают образ (чрезмерно) приятного человека.

Слишком много деталей. Люди, которые знают, что их комментарии или утверждения не соответствуют действительности, считают необходимым подкреплять их ненужными деталями, чтобы казаться более правдоподобными и отвлечь внимание потенциальной жертвы. Такие люди могут оправдываться, почему они находятся в определенном месте, почему идут в том же направлении, и объяснять другие детали своего поведения.

Типирование / маркировка. A manipulative strategy popularized by so-called pick-up artists. It involves a slight insult that a potential victim would try to prove not to be true. An example Gavin de Becker gives is of a man who offered to carry a woman’s grocery bags into her apartment. When she initially refused (her intuition was giving her warning signals), he said, “There is such a thing as being too proud, you know”. In her desire to avoid the label, she accepted his offer.

Непрошеные обещания. In the example above, the criminal said to the woman, “I’ll just put this stuff down and go,  Я обещаю.” A stalker might say to the victim, “Meet me this one time and you’ll never hear from me again, I promise.” The reason why a criminal feels a need to offer such a promise is that he knows there is a reason to doubt.

Discounting the word “No”. Это может означать отказ замечать невербальный отказ, игнорирование или критику вербального отказа. Преступник может проверить потенциальную жертву по какому-то незначительному вопросу, чтобы убедиться в ее нерешительности. Некоторые из предыдущих стратегий также могут быть использованы для того, чтобы отбросить отказ.

Some 2 weeks after the experience I described on the previous page, I found myself again on an empty road (this time in daylight). By then, I’ve already left the guesthouse and I was using local buses to explore the Big Island, but since buses didn’t always go straight to the places I wanted to visit, from time to time I had to walk.

This time, I felt rather relaxed and stayed on the right side of the road. A car appeared from behind, slowed down and stopped by my side. I was tense, but when the driver opened his window and asked if I needed a lift, I took a look at him and said, “Yes, why not.” (Perhaps I’m too used to living in a relatively safe environment.) The ride was fine and we parted on friendly terms.

When returning home from Hawaii, I had 9 hours between flights in San Francisco, so I decided to make a short trip to the town. I took a bus and asked the driver to tell me when we come close to the center. I got out at the bus stop he indicated. It was 6 AM, the streets were empty and the city looked the same in every direction. I chose a direction that seemed most likely and started walking. I was on the left side of the street. After a while, a car appeared from behind, made a U-turn in front of a red traffic light, came to my side and stopped. The driver opened a window and said, “You are not from here, aren’t you? Do you know where are you going?” I said, “Not really.” He said, “You are going straight into the ghetto.”

Then he said that he was an (illegal) taxi driver and offered a small price to take me to the center of the city. I told him, “You know I shouldn’t get into strangers’ cars.” However, after a few seconds, I added, “But I trust you. I’ll go with you.”

Он отвез меня в центр города и к нескольким местным достопримечательностям. Пару раз я оставляла свой рюкзак в его машине, пока шла делать фотографии. Он ждал меня. Когда мы расставались, он сказал мне, что мое доверие много значит для него, потому что он провел 18 лет в тюрьме и теперь стремится жить принципиальной жизнью.

Почему моя интуиция была так спокойна, хотя сознание волновалось? Perhaps something in the facial features and expressions of those two men, something in their body language and the way they stopped the car – there was no such force and speed as in the first example. Besides, there was none of the manipulation signals I listed above (which I didn’t notice consciously, but my instinct apparently did). There were no unnecessary details or explanations, distractions or persuasion. The illegal taxi driver didn’t try to change my mind, but perceived my initial reluctance as reasonable and justified.

Please, do not take the above examples as a suggestion to do risky things. They are here only to illustrate how in certain situations my intuition was calm even if my conscious mind was tense. Therefore, I wouldn’t like anybody to do something they wouldn’t do otherwise based on these two examples. On the other hand, I do hope that this article might save some more lives.

“To successfully navigate through morning traffic, we make amazingly accurate high-stakes predictions about the behavior of literally thousands of people. We unconsciously read tiny untaught signals: the slight tilt of a stranger’s head or the momentarily sustained glance of a person a hundred feet away tells us it’s safe to pass in front of his two-ton monster. We expect all the drivers to act just as we would, but we still alertly detect those few who might not – so that we are also predicting their behavior, unpredictable though we might call it. So here we are, traveling along faster than anyone before the 1900’s ever traveled (unless they were falling off a cliff), dodging giant, high-momentum steel missiles, judging the intent of their operators with fantastic accuracy, and then saying we can’t predict human behavior.”

Гэвин де Беккер, Дар страха

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